editing

1. Sentences – The fundamental building blocks of thinking, speaking, and writing.
2. A Simple Sentence contains one independent clause.
3. Complex Sentence contains one independent and at least one dependent clause.
4. A Compound Complex Sentence contains at least two main clauses and one dependent clause.
5. Sentence Fragment is an incomplete thought.
6. Run-on Sentences are clauses that don’t know when to quit, either in punctuation or in length. The most common culprit for a run-on sentence is a comma splice.
7. Dead Constructions refer to a term paper writing style, using expletives ‘it is’ and ‘there is.’
8. Subject Verb Agreement – If the Subject is singular, the agreement with a regular verb is by adding ‘s’ to that regular verb in 3rd person. If it is plural, no ‘s.’
9. Redundancy is the repetition of a word in a clause, or the repetition of a thought in a clause. “True Facts” ; “New Record”
10. Lead Filters include timeliness, proximity, prominence, unusualness, human interest, and/or conflict.
11. The S-V-O Format is a common format for writing clauses in news stories. Nouns can be found in more than one part of a sentence.
12. The Lead is the first sentence of a news story, written in either a delayed or immediate identification structure. Delayed identification should be used when the subject is not recognizable.
13. Essential Element is the theme of the story that is placed in the lead.
14. Single-Element Leads is how most hard news stories are constructed, placing one essential element in the lead. One theme in the lead.
15. Dangling Modifiers are non-attached, dependent-clause modifiers that paint a humorous picture because they are misplaced.
16. Verbals take the form of the verb, but lack the horsepower to drive the sentence. They are actually nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
17. Gerund is one of the verbals where you take the verb root, add an ‘–ing’ suffix to it to make it become either a subject or and object.
18. Transitive Verbs are action verbs that are associated with the subject and they answer the question ‘What?’
19. Intransitive Verbs are action verbs that give more of a sense of location or being, and may be followed by a phrase that tells ‘Where’ or ‘How’, but never ‘What.’
20. In reference to the subject, “The number.” This always takes a singular verb agreement. Ex. “The number of children smoking cigarettes continues to increase.”
21. Indefinite Pronouns reveal little or nothing about their gender or number. “Each, anyone, someone, somebody.”
22. Singular and Plural Subjects (in reference to collective nouns) – Collective nouns are certain words that may be plural in form may but take either a singular or plural verb agreement. Ex. “Politics” “Politics is a controversial subject.” Vs. “President Obama’s politics are…”
23. Adjectives expand the meaning of the sentence, helping set the mood.
24. Linking Verbs imply a state of being. They connect the subject with a modifier and frequently are a derivative of “to be,” such as “is,” “are,” or “were.”
25. Infinitives are formed by using the preposition, “to,” and the present tense of a verb. Ex. “to work.” Infinitives do not have an –ing suffix.
26. Participles are verbals. They can end in –ed, -ing, -en. They are always used as adjectives.
27. Nomitive is the subject of the sentence. Objective is the receiver of the action. Possessive means belonging to.
28. The Irregular Verbs Lie and Lay. Lie means to recline. It is intransitive. Lay means to put or place. It is transitive. Look up the chart of these on provided slides.
29. Parenthetical Phrases are qualifying or amplifying phrases. They are words like perhaps, indeed, also..
30. Affect vs. Effect. Affect as a verb means to influence. Effect as a verb means to cause. Only effect can be used as a noun.
31. The AP Style Rule for Numbers. Generally speaking, 1-9 are spelled out. 10+ use numerals. Exceptions include: Ages use numerals. Dates use numerals. Money use numerals. Zip codes use numerals. Phone numbers use numerals. If a number begins the clause, spell it out. In regard to dates, there are five months of the year that are always spelled out (March-July). The rest are abbreviated if there is a date. Year does not constitute a date.
32. Independent Clauses are groups of words that contain a subject, a verb, and expresses a complete thought. Ex: “Jim studied in the library for the mid-term exam.”
33. Dependent Clauses are groups of words that contain a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.
34. Auxiliary Verbs are words used in construction to express distinctions of tense, aspect, mood, etc. They work with the perfect tense.
35. Editing with Sensitivity simply means avoid words in clauses such as “ghetto,” “barrio,” “inner city,” and avoid terms that identify specific gender. Don’t use “newsman” or “newswoman.” “Firefighter” instead of “Fireman.”
36. Copy Editing Symbols are symbols used to correct grammar, punctuation, and style errors in journalistic clauses.
37. Prepositional Phrases are groups of words that begin with a preposition and are followed by a noun. They are the most common culprits of determining whether an action verb is transitive or intransitive.
38. Relative Pronouns function as half pronoun and half conjunction. They function as a pronoun when they refer to a previously mentioned noun. They serve as a conjunction when they are needed to connect thoughts in a clause. The most superfluous relative pronoun is the relative pronoun, “that.”
39. Vague Modifiers include words such as “a lot,” “kind of,” “perhaps,” “somewhat,” “sort of,” and “very.” Avoid them.
40. Trademarks are a specific registered brand name to a product. Ex: Band-Aid, Jell-O.
41. Demonstrative Pronouns emphasize a person or thing being referred to.
42. Present Progressive Tense Verbs describe an ongoing action, which is happening at the same time the statement is being written. Progressive verbs use “is”, “was”, “were” in addition to an –ing suffix to the verb.
43. Past Progressive Tense Verbs describe a past action, which was happening when another action occurred.
44. Future Progressive Tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. “Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research next week.”
45. Present Perfect Tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past, or that began in the past and continues in the present. “Women have voted in presidential elections since…”
46. Past Perfect Tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. “By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.”
47. Future Perfect Tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. “By the time troops arrive, the combat troupe will have waited several months.”
48. Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Often times they answer the question “How?”
49. Slang is non-standard vocabulary of short-lived sayings. Avoid them.
50. Jargon is specialized or technical language of a profession or group.

True/False
Multiple Choices
Rewrite Clauses

Bring #2 Pencil

If even one part/clause of a sentence is false, the whole choice is false.